KINGDOM PROTISTA

Kingdom Protista
          - artificial grouping of organisms coming from different evolutionary lineages

*Animal-like Protists
          - protozoans
          - heterotrophs
          - unicellular
          - no cell wall
          - aquatic: free-living
                           parasitic
          - motile: flagella
                         pseudopodia
                         cilia
Zooflagellates
          - flagella
          - fast swimmers
          - reproduce by binary fission
          - mostly free-living
     *Triconympha
          - lives in symbiosis with termites
          - helps termites breakdown cellulose
          - host to two parasitic prokaryotes (bacteria)
     *Trypanosomes
          - Trypanosoma gambiense
          - Trypanosoma rhodesiense
               - african sleeping sickness
               - flea or tsetse fly
Sarcodines
          - with pseudopodia
          - Amoeba proteus
               - looks like a shapeless mass of cytoplasm
               - creates a fingerlike projections called pseudopodia
               - uses diffusion as a way of exchanging gases to and out of the cell
               - osmosis - water
          - Entamoeba histolytica
               - causes amoebiasis
Foramineferans
          - live in marine waters
Actinopoda
          - radiolarians and heliozoans
     *Heliozoans
          - floaters
          - freshwaters
          - free-living
          - bottom-dwellers
     *Radiolarians
          - ocean drifters
          - part of planktons
          - filter feeder or predator
Ciliates
          - cilia
     *Paramecium
          - Paramecium and stentor
               - colonial
          - Epistylis
               - parasitic
               - Balantidium coli
               - diarrhea
Apicomplexans
          - immobile (lacks structures for motility)
          - sporozoans
          - parasitic
               - Plasmodium
                    - malaria
                    - mosquito bites
                    - Anopheles

*Fungus-like Protist
          - heterotrophs
          - decompose dead organic matter
          - body is composed of filaments
          - reproduce through spores
          - produce flagellated cells (difference with the true fungus)
          - cells contains centrioles
    
     GROUPS
Plasmodial Slime Molds
          - colorful
          - creeping on moist forest soil and dead leaves
          - move by pseudopodia
          - feed on microbes
          - has plasmodium
                - motile, large, brnaching structure
          - not multicellular
Water Molds
          - oomycetes
          - "egg-fungus"
          - with long, filamentous bodies
          - with several nuclei
          - cell wall is composed of cellulose
          - produce sporangia that release zoospores
          - aquatic saprophytes
          - seen on dead insects, salmon, immobile eggs
               - Saprolegnia
                    - grows as a fluffy white mass on the body of decaying fish
                    - body is thin and branched
                    - produces asexually
Down Mildews
          - aggresive plant pathogens
               - Phytophthora infestans
                    - potato late blight
                    - causes softening and rotting of plant parts

*Plant-like Protists
         - algae
         - have chloroplasts
         - autotrophs
         - single, colonial, or multicellular

Euglenoids
        - single-celled
        - not exclusive autotrophs
             - Euglena
                  - freshwater
                  - no cell wall
                  - with long flagellum
                  - its eyespot directs the cell towards sunlight
Dinoflagellates
          - with distinctive spinning movement
          -part of phytoplankton
          - reproduce by binary fission
          - population explosion - algal blooms
               - red tide
               - brown tide
     *Bioluminescence
               - ability to produce light
Diatoms
          - single celled or colonial
          - most abundant organism in phytoplankton
          - yellow or brown due to the pigments in its chloroplasts
          - float because of oil (produces during photosynthesis)
          - cell is made up of silica
          - diatomaceous earth
Seaweeds
          - multicellular
          - no cuticle
          - no true roots, stem and leaves
Brown Algae
          - kelps (largest seaweeds)
          - source of algin
Red Algae
          - mostly multicellular
          - mostly marine
          - no more than 1m
          - builder of coral reefs
          - source of agar and carrageenan
Green Algae
          - most similar to plants
          - with chlorophyll and starch

BACTERIA

*Aerobic Photoautotrophs
          - rely on sunlight as a source of energy and CO2 as a source of carbon
          - primary producers
     *Cyanobacteria
          -blue-green bacteria (blue-green algae)
          - with chlorophyll a + bluish pigment
          - like plants (photosynthesis)
          - supplied O2 to premedial Earth
     *Nitrogen Fixers
          - fixation of atmospheric nitrogen
          - develop heterocysts

*Anaerobic Photoautotrophs
          - lack the key light-trapping pigment of plants, chlorophyll a anb b
          - with bacteriochlorophylls
          - purple and green bacteria
          - rely on hydrogen sulfide or H2 gas instead of H2O
          - don't produce O2

*Chemoheterotrophs
     *disease-causing bacteria
          - pathogens
     *decomposers
          - produce enzymes that breakdown organic compounds
     *fermenters

*Commercially Important Bacteria
          - used to address environmental problems
     ex: pseudomonads

ARCHAEA

Reproduction
     Asexual
          - binary fission
          - endospore
     Sexual
          - conjugation

Types

Methanogens
     - oxygen free habitats
     - produce methane gas
     - extract energy from hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide
     - in bogs, deep soil, mud bottoms of lakes
     - reminants expel CH4


Extreme Halophiles
     - extra high salt contents
     - with unique glycoproteins
     - accumulate K ions and keep out Na ions
     - generate energy by aerobic respiration
     - use bacteriorhodopsin to perform photosynthesis
     - carry carotenoids for UV protection

Extreme Thermoacidophile
     - hot and acidic water
     - sulfur-rich hot springs, hydrothermal vents (110 C)
     - obligate anaerobes
     - uses S instead of O2

PROKARYOTES II

Bacteria
     - membranes contain unbranched fatty acids
     - cell wall contains peptidoglycan
Gram +
     - thick layer of peptidoglycan
     - penicillin
Gram -
     - thin layer
     - streptomycin or tetracyline

Archaea
     - membranes have branched isoprene chains
     - for extreme conditions
     - cel wall contain no peptidoglycan

SIMILARITIES
     - cellular
     - DNA and RNA
     - manufacture their own enzymes
     - genetic material found in cytosol
     - no mitochondrion, ER, Golgi bodies, lysosomes
     - some produce capsule
     - offer protection against defense cells
     - pili - for attachment
          - hairlike structures

PROKARYOTES I

Prokaryotes
     - bacteria
     - archaea

     - cellular
     - DNA and RNA
     - ribosomes
     - don't host
     - well-coordinated system of enzymes

Size
     - small
     - Thiomargarita namibiensis
          - biggest prokaryote
          - "sulfur pearl of Namibia"

Shape and Arrangement of Cells

Cocci - spherical prokaryotes
Bacilli - rod-shaped prokaryotes
Spirilla - spiral

Infectious Particles

Viroids
     - naked, single stranded RNA
     - cadang-cadang, spindle tuber disease

Prions
     - protein particles
     - brain diseases
          - mad cow disease
          - Creutzfeldt Jacob disease
          - scrapie
          - kuru

VIRUS

Virus
          - particles smaller than cells
          - noncellular
          - specific
          - DNA or RNA
Martinus Beijerinck
         - first to use the term virus


STRUCTURE
     - capsid- protein surrounding the DNA or RNA
     - bacteriophages - virus infecting bacteria

DNA viruses
          - hepa B, smallpox, cowpox, herpes
RNA viruses
          - AIDS, mumps, common colds, leukemia, measles